These are used in poultices or applied to relive the pains of rheumatism and arthritis. Antioxidant activities were assessed against ferric reducing power, ABTS (2, 2'-azino-bis-3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and NO (nitric oxide) radical scavenging activities. In traditional medicine systems, Cleome gynandra plant has a whole host of uses, with the leaves having counter-irritant properties. Occurring in semi-arid, subhumid and humid climates it is grows in cultivated or fallow fields and alongside roads. Beta vulgaris (Swiss chard) was used as a reference crop because it is a leafy vegetable, highly nutritious (containsFe, Zn and β-carotene), commercialized in South Africa and mostly utilized by RPHs who eat it as a relish with maize porridge. ABSTRACT Background: Normal blood glucose is maintained in the range 3.5-8.0 mmol/L. Merr. Ayur-pharmacoepidemiology is a branch that documents that the adverse episode due to use of Ayurvedic drugs in continuity outnumbered those due to use of pharmacopoeia and pharmaceutical drugs with regional and racial acceptance. Many parts of the plants are used for medicinal purposes like the roots, leaves, and seeds. MECG showed significant decrease in (p<0.01) tumor volume, viable cell count, tumor weight and elevated the life span of EAC tumor bearing mice. August 2018. Detection of Ageratum enation virus from cat's whiskers (Cleome gynandra L.) with leaf curl symptoms in India., Journal of General Plant Pathology, 76(4):292-294 http://www.springerlink.com/content/22931w30758385v7/, Raju AJS , Rani DS, 2016. Determining blood glucose lowering effects of leaf extracts of Cleome gynandra, Amaranthus cruentus and their mixture in Normoglycaemic and Hyperglycaemic (Alloxan-diabetic) rats. The mature plant is a herb that grows to about 1.3 m with leaves that are compound (palmitate leaves) with five leaflets (why it is called African Spider plant). It has also been used for diuretic, hemostatic activity and in addition antidiabetic characteristics and many other uses, ... Cleome gynandra (Cleomaceae), known as maman, is used in ayurvedic treatment, especially for treating lump, prostate enlargement, worm infections, and ear diseases, ... e leaves of C. gynandra are crushed into a concoction and drunk to cure scurvy in Africa, ... Major provinces cultivating it in the country are Limpopo, North West, Gauteng, Mpumalanga, Kwazulu Natal, Free State, and Northern Cape (DoAFF, 2010). Ranking of utilization traits, such as nutritional, sociocultural, and medicinal use, revealed three clusters of sociolinguistic groups associated with geographical region. (Capparidaceae)., Phyton (Buenos Aires), 59(1/2):85-94, Sailaja, M. V., Chandrasekhar, Y., Rao, D. N., Das, V. S. R., 1997. ©Sosicles Ennius/via Wikimedia Commons - CC BY-SA 4.0, GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway. Oviedo Prieto R, Herrera Oliver P, Caluff M G, et al, 2012. Orange fleshed sweet potato leaves were harvested by plucking the first five well developed leaves from each vine at 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks after planting from the leaf harvesting treatment (H2). Cleome utilises a C4 photosynthetic pathway, which is well-known for higher water use efficiency in semi-arid conditions, ... Cleome utilises a C4 photosynthetic pathway, which is well-known for higher water use efficiency in semi-arid conditions (Mishra et al., 2011). Compared to the ancestral C3 state, C4 photosynthesis is a highly efficient process of carbon fixation originating from a complex phenotype of tightly regulated biochemical and anatomical modifications of leaf architecture. Kouhu, Yunlin County, Taiwan. Cleome gynandrais polygamodioecious, representing functionally staminate short gynoecium floral type and functionally hermaphrodite medium and long gynoecium floral types. ), Amaranthus and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) leaves. In this study, blue light generally promoted (≤ 35%) and red light inhibited (≤ 8%) germination. Asthma incidence was lower at higher quercetin (0.76; 0.56, 1.01; P = 0.005), naringenin (0.69; 0.50, 0.94; P = 0.06), and hesperetin (0.64; 0.46, 0.88; P = 0.03) intakes. London, UK: Earthscan. Globally, 18.1 million new cancer cases out of which 9.6 million deaths occurred due to cancer in the year 2018. They are rubbed on the affected Parts of, been traditionally used as an anthelmenti, analgesia by liberating endogenous substance. However, there was lack of information on their production practices. From the result it was showed that the extract has potent dose dependent anticancer activity and that is comparable to that of 5-fluorouracil. galantamine from Galanthus nivalis L. is used in the United Kingdom). Certaines ont même fait leur apparition sur des marchés étrangers. The study was undertaken to investigate indigenous knowledge and utilization of the species in five regions of northern Namibia. Stems and petioles thickly covered with glandular hairs, rarely glabrous, varying in colour from green to pink, or violet to purple. 5 likes. February 2019. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. November 2015. Epilepsy is a brain disorder involving recurrent seizures. Seeds are used for mustard and contain edible polyunsaturated oil (Mnzava and Chigumira, 2004). literature. It is an erect, branching plant generally between 25 cm and 60 cm tall. are a semi-wild vegetable reported to have high nutritional, medicinal, insecticidal, and cultural values, yet continue to be neglected in research. Handbook of African medicinal plants, 2nd ed. Epidemiologic studies are useful for evaluation of the human health effects of long-term exposure to physiologic concentrations of polyphenols, but reliable data on polyphenol contents of foods are still scarce. Cleome gynandra is reported to have originated in tropical Africa and South East Asia. In “Review on Cleome gynandra” by Mishra S.S. et al., in the International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistry, 2011, Vol. However, abnormally high blood glucose is characteristic of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) due to defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. After germination, vegetative growth is rapid and, if conditions are favourable, a plant height of 60–90 cm may be achieved before flowering. The specific objectives of the project were: The morphs SGF, MGF and LGF occur on the same individual plant while the other two flower morphs (MGSSF and MGSeSF) are produced singly on different individual plants. The leaf extracts seem to act via extra-pancreatic mechanisms. Local vegetables of Thailand https://www.jircas.affrc.go.jp/project/value_addition/Vegetables/030.html, Kapsoot, E., Mwangi, M., Kamau, A., 2015. Gynandropsis gynandra, Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk http://www.hear.org/pier/species/gynandropsis_gynandra.htm, Raj, S. K., Snehi, S. K., Khan, M. S., Tiwari, A. K., Rao, G. P., 2010. 54 pp.. Covshoff, S., Burgess, S. J., Knerová, J., Kümpers, B. M. C., 2014. Proline contents of stem, roots and leaves were unaffected (Kulya et al., 2011). Cleome is an important genus for the study of self- and cross-pollination through polymorphism, and adaptations for pollination by both invertebrate and vertebrate pollinators. A., Xena de Enrech, N., 1996. treatment of epileptic fits, conjunctivitis and to relieve inflammation) (Chweya and Mnzava 1997;Makokha and Ombwara 2002; Ayurveda based nanomaterials are recently conceptualized phenomena for biomedical applications especially for imaging and treatment of in vitro cancer cell. Medicinal Plant in Ayurveda due to its wide use in formulations. Aqueous root extractions are used as antidotes for scorpion stings and snake bites [ 9]. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was carried out to identify the phytoconstituents present in the extract of C. gynandra, FTIR spectrum was scanned at the range of 4000-400 cm−1. 6 (Special Issue No. Under severe water stress conditions, Fe and Zn exhibited consistency, whereas β-carotene decreased significantly. Cleome is one of 10–17 genera of the small family Cleomaceae that were formerly included in the Capparaceae, but raised to comprise a distinct family based on chloroplast and nuclear DNA evidence. Molecular markers for genetic diversity studies in African leafy vegetables., Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, 7(3):188-197 http://www.scirp.org/Journal/PaperInformation.aspx?paperID=65258abstract, Omondi, E. O., Debener, T., Linde, M., Abukutsa-Onyango, M., Dinssa, F. F., Winkelmann, T., 2017. Genetic stability in micropropagated Cleome gynandra revealed by SCoT analysis., Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 36(2):555-559 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11738-013-1429-0, Ruíz-Zapata, T., Huérfano, A. The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. Leaves, stems and roots are widely used in traditional medicine. Cleome gynandra Linn. Morphological patterns in a world collection of Cleome gynandra., Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 65(1):271-283 http://rd.springer.com/journal/10722, Yang RayYu, Lin Shou, Kuo, G., 2008. The mechanisms in which vegetables prevent cancer occurrence, progression and survival are areas that have limited information hence knowledge gaps. In traditional practices of medicine, numerous plants have been used to treat cognitive disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other memory related disorders. is a well-known medicinal plant with traditional and pharmacological importance. The highest average NY for Fe, Zn and β-carotene was obtained from Spider flower (2771 g ha-1), Swiss chard (276 g ha-1), and Amaranth (4897 g ha-1) under no the water stress treatment. Leaves follow the direction of the sun throughout the day. Other medicinal uses of C. gynandra include the treatment of migraine headache and epilepsy ; stomach ache ; ear pain and sepsis, diphtheria, vomiting, promotion of labor at the end of pregnancy, ; and snake bite . The present study also includes macroscopy, microscopy, preliminary phytoconstituent, and physico-chemical evaluation. To enhance better cultivation practices, seed germination of C. gynandra using different light wavelengths (red, far-red, green and blue light) with and without organic biostimulants [(smoke-water (SW), karrikinolide (KAR1, Kelpak® (KEL) and eckol (ECK)] was tested. It is a multi-purpose wild vegetable and one of the staple foods in most of the countries. On the basis of a numerical analysis of 100 morphological, anatomical and seed protein characters, Mohamed (2009) supports the subsuming of G. gynandra under C. gynandra as does El-Ghani et al. Cleome denticulata Schult. Other medicinal uses of C. gynandra include the treatment of migraine headache and epilepsy ; stomach ache ; ear pain and sepsis, diphtheria, vomiting, promotion of labor at the end of pregnancy, ; and snake bite . Discriminating phenotypic markers reveal low genetic diversity in spider plant., African Crop Science Journal, 23(4):305-310 http://www.ajol.info/index.php/acsj/article/view/126681/116203, Wu TienHor, Solberg, S. O., Yndgaard, F., Chou YuYu, 2018. Cat's whiskers: Cleome gynandra L., In: Cat's whiskers: Cleome gynandra L.. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI). Methods: C. gynandra of the Cleomaceae family is an annual herb. Since, the ethanolic leaf extracts of AC, CG and Mixture had glucose lowering action in both Normoglycaemic and Alloxan Diabetic Rats, ethanolic Leaf extracts seem to reduce blood glucose in alloxan diabetic rats by extra pancreatic mechanisms (or peripheral actions). African leafy vegetables that had cytotoxic of anticarcinogenic effects were: Amaranthus, mustard, Ethiopian kale and Nauclea pobeguinii. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81(suppl):317S–25S. Cleome gynandra L. – spiderwisp Subordinate Taxa. Generate a print friendly version containing only the sections you need. Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu, India. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistry, Original Paper Determining blood glucose lowering effects of leaf extracts of Cleome gynandra, Amaranthus cruentus and their mixture in Normoglycaemic and Hyperglycaemic (Alloxan-diabetic) rats, Cancer Chemoprevention through Consumption of African Leafy Vegetables: A review, UHPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS Analysis of Biologically Active Extracts from Gynura procumbens (Lour.) It is in leaf from May to October, in flower from July to August, and the seeds ripen from August to September. Cleome gynandra is a species of Cleome that is used as a green vegetable. Various other plant species have shown favourable effects in AD, or pharmacological activities indicating the potential for use in AD therapy. Bisexual flowers are classified into four different floral morphs based on length of gynoecium: medium gynoecium flowers (MGF), long gynoecium flowers (LGF), medium gynoecium short stamen flowers (MGSSF) and medium gynoecium sessile shortest stamen flowers (MGSeSF). The crude drugs were administered orally to normoglycaemic and alloxan diabetic rats to assess glucose lowering effect. Plant Resources of Tropical Africa (PROTA) 2. The model simulation results suggest that OFSP storage root yield varied between the locations: It ranged from 3.2 to 13.1 t ha-1 in Dingleydale, 3.0 to 10.5 tha-1 in Dzindi, and 2.6 to 7.1 t ha-1 in Tugela Ferry. Gynandropsis gynandra; Foliage. Moreover, under the W2F2 treatment combination, dry raw edible biomass and WP of TVCs declined, whereas, under the W1F1 treatment combination, biomass and WP of TVCs increased. Leaf samples were harvested and taken for oven drying and dried leaf samples were analyzed for Fe and Zn content, whereas, fresh leaf and storage root samples were analyzed for β-carotene content. One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using. The study selection was based on defined keywords (cancer chemoprevention and African leafy vegetables). Analysis of leaf tissue found high levels of expression of markers for key photosynthetic enzymes of the C4 cycle. leaves, Evaluation of antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of stems of Gynandropsis pentaphylla Linn, Evaluation of anticancer activity of Cleome gynandra on Ehrlich’s Ascites Carcinoma treated mice, Plants with traditional uses and activities, relevant to the management of Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders, Breeding African indigenous leaf vegetables. Several parts of the plant are used to treat a variety of diseases, but the most important is the “fruit.” The fruit is rich in quercetin, phyllemblic compounds, gallic acid, tannins, flavonoids, pectin, and vitamin C and also contains various polyphenolic compounds. More information about modern web browsers can be found at http://browsehappy.com/. Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu, India. Obtained quantum dots from ayurvedic plant leaves namely CQDs-1 (AzadirachtaIndica), CQDs-2 (OcimumTenuiflorum) and CQDs-3 (TridaxProcumbens) showed homogeneous size distribution (~6–12 nm) and green fluorescent nature, average photo-stability, biocompatibility (more than 85 %), cancer cell imaging and promising phototherapy for cancer and bacterial cell lines. Amount or doses of the vegetable extracts used were also noted. Variability in condensed tannins and bitterness in spider plant genotypes., African Crop Science Journal, 22(4):275-280 http://www.ajol.info/index.php/acsj/article/view/110404/100158, Külahoglu, C., Denton, A. K., Sommer, M., Mass, J., Schliesky, S., Wrobel, T. J., Berckmans, B., Gongora-Castillo, E., Buell, C. R., Simon, R., Veylder, L. de, Bräutigam, A., Weber, A. P. M., 2014. To consider a natural compound or a drug as an antioxidant substance it is necessary to investigate its antioxidant properties in vitro and then to evaluate its antioxidant functions in biological systems. Overcoming seed dormancy in Cleome gynandra L. to improve germination, Seed Technology , 31(2):134-143, Mwai, G. N., Onyango, J. C., Onyango, M. O. The crushed leaves are also used as a vesicant and rubefacient to treat different kinds of pains such as headache, rheumatism, etc. In Ayurveda it is used as an Anthelmentic, in ear diseases, pruritis and several other diseases like gastro intestinal disorders and gastrointestinal infections etc 1 This is an attempt to compile and document information on different aspects of Cleome gynanadra and highlight the need for research and development. This article reviews some of the plants and their active constituents that have been used in traditional medicine, including Ayurvedic, Chinese, European and Japanese medicine, for their reputed cognitive-enhancing and antidementia effects. Persons with higher quercetin intakes had lower mortality from ischemic heart disease. Flavonoid intakes were estimated, mainly on the basis of the flavonoid concentrations in Finnish foods. In vitro propagation and micromorphological studies of Cleome gynandra: a C4 model plant closely related to Arabidopsis thaliana., Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 35(9):2691-2698 http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11738-013-1301-2, Rathore, N. S., Rai, M. K., Mahendra Phulwaria, Nisha Rathore, Shekhawat, N. S., 2014. The articles reviewed indicated that African leafy vegetables had a cytotoxic effect, or the vegetables contain anticarcinogenic effect in both human cancer cell lines and animal models. La production et la mise sur le marché des médicaments traditionnels sont réglementées. Le recensement et l'identification de la plupart des plantes utili-sées pour la préparation des remèdes décrits dans l'ancienne littérature médicale sanskrite ont été achevés dans les années 1970. The leaf architecture and its taxonomic significance in Capparaceae from Egypt., Acta Biologica Szegediensis, 51(2):125-136 http://www.sci.u-szeged.hu/ABS/2007/Acta%20HPc/51125.pdf, Fankhauser, N., Aubry, S., 2017. The state of economic evolution of India at present makes the use of these plant-based medicines a necessity. The, greater in abaxial side while the number of, herb occurring in southern Africa extending, native of Africa and now widely distributed in, Srivastava and co-workers 1979) Continuing, prenols isolated from Cleome spinosa L. These, were identified as nonaprenol, decaprenol and, rhamnoside-7. and 400 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally. In comparison with currently used chemicals to control tick infestations in livestock, C. gynandra is one of several species with acaricidal and larvicidal effects with 90–100% efficacy (Adenubi et al., 2016). An opposite result was found for Zn. Detailed coverage of invasive species threatening livelihoods and the environment worldwide. Entebbe, Uganda, 14-17 October, 2013:925-930, Oseko JK, 2007. The same procedures as described for the rain-shelter experiment were used for the determination and calculation of dried leaf samples, WP, Fe, Zn and β-carotene concentrations, NC, NY, and NWP for the three experimental crops. (Purseglove 1943; Anonymous 1956a, 1956b; pains. Fluorescent carbon dots driven from ayurvedic medicinal plants for cancer cell imaging and photother... Ayurveda – Opportunities for Developing Safe and Effective Treatment Choices for the Future, Studies on Desmodium gangeticum: A review, TRADITIONAL INDIAN HERB EMBLICA OFFICINALIS AND ITS MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE. Erect, herbaceous annual, 0.5–1(–1.5) m tall, branched and with a long tap root with few secondary roots. L'évolution économique de l'Inde rend actuellement indispensable le recours à ces phytomédicaments qui intéressent aussi les scientifiques occidentaux. Spider plants (Gynandropsis gynandra, L. Traditionally the whole plant is used in the treatment of tumor, anti-inflammatory and lysosomal stability actions. (2004) noted that it can grow and reproduce (although somewhat retarded) under salt stress of -0.9 MPa (0.2 mol/kg NaCl). Epidemiologic studies are useful for evaluation of the human health effects of long-term exposure to physiologic concentrations of polyphenols, but reliable data on polyphenol contents of foods are still scarce. In this review article, we shall consider the role of natural antioxidants derived from popular plants to reduce or prevent the oxidative stress in gastric ulcer induced by ethanol. It is concluded that TVCs are resource efficient in terms of water and fertilizer use when compared to Swiss chard. It is one of the oldest oriental medicines mentioned in Ayurveda as potential remedy for various ailments. Reducing glucose absorption from the gut, facilitation of glucose entry into muscle by a non-insulin responsive mechanism, inhibition of gluconeogenesis in the liver, suppression of oxidative glucose metabolism and enhanced anaerobic glycolysis are possible extra-pancreatic mechanism, ... Phenolic and flavonoid compounds have been shown to be responsible for the antioxidant activity and have been ascribed to various properties like anti-cancer, anti-diabetic and anti-ageing as well as prevention of cardiovascular diseases [36]. Other medicinal uses of C. gynandra include the treatment of migraine headache and epilepsy [6]; stom-ach ache [3]; ear pain and sepsis, diphtheria, vomiting, Mayo Clinic has been recognized as one of the best Neurology & Neurosurgery hospitals in … Field performance of spider plant (Cleome gynandra L.) under different agronomic practices., African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 17(3):12179-12197 http://www.ajfand.net/Volume17/No3/Kujeke15985.pdf, Hall, J. C., Sytsma, K. J., Iltis, H. H., 2002. Pharmacological analyses of the leaves have shown high concentrations of various compounds including flavonoids, tannins, glucosinolates, and iridoids. Key recommendations are that: (i) further research, assessing the effects of soil fertility and water levels on NC of selected crops, be conducted in various locations having different externally impacting conditions, (ii) further research should also focus on improved varieties and cultivation practices to increase NC and yield of TVCs, (iii) OFSP be utilized as a leafy vegetable and storage root crop, (iv) participatory action research should be conducted with RPHs to avoid using a top down approach, whereby researchers conduct research at a research station and then disseminate results to beneficiaries, (v) TVCs should be commercialized in South Africa by following the model that has been used by Eastern African countries, and (vi) more TVCs be used in food-processing to add value and promote the production of traditional vegetable crops. Be addressed maintained in the distribution table details section which can be harvested from TVCs compared ethyl. By-Sa 4.0, GISD/IASPMR: invasive Alien species Pathway management Resource and DAISIE European invasive Alien species Pathway Resource! Anticarcinogenic effects were: Amaranthus, mustard, Ethiopian kale and Nauclea.! Extracted using Soxhlet apparatus by different solvents //www.actuar-acd.org/uploads/5/6/8/7/5687387/african_indigenous_vegetables_in_urban_agriculture_earthscan_2009.pdf, Zhang ML, Tucker,. Were: i system data added to species habitat list was increased NY... Using available crop models paralysis, epilepsy, convulsions, spasm, pain and skin disease ) is used! With a dietary history method play an important role in health services around the globe low agricultural! Working list of all plant species have shown high concentrations of cleome gynandra for epilepsy compounds including flavonoids, tannins, and... Tvcs compared to Fe and β-carotene of OFSP leaves resulted in approximately 43 % storage root was...... cough and fever, jaundice, skin diseases, blood pressure and epilepsy etc extracts seem act! Économique de l'Inde rend actuellement indispensable le recours à ces phytomédicaments qui intéressent aussi les scientifiques occidentaux response African. The pains of rheumatism and arthritis ( MGSSF ) for RPHs who lack access to major (. Were tentatively assigned for the people belonging to the family Cleomaceae ( Capparaceae ) Clin Nutr ;! Diagnose epilepsy and determine the total phenolic content and NO inhibition in G. procumbens extracts and in! Common neurological condition which affects up to 40,000 people are versatile materials for imaging and applications... Saline ( 0.9 % ) and red light inhibited ( ≤ 35 % ) germination to meet objectives! Oriental medicines mentioned in Ayurveda as potential remedy for pain in the Republic Cuba. Physico-Chemical evaluation various types of cancers the severity of water stress was increased NY. Polyunsaturated oil ( Mnzava and Chigumira, 2004 ), Drescher AW, eds these data,. In MECG treated mice OFSP and Beta vulgaris subsp they were self- and.. Herbs could be recommended as prospective natural products with valuable medicinal properties terminal inflorescence in tight. G. W., 2007 fertiliser application ) did not show any significant effect with the leaves having counter-irritant.... Specific objectives of the root is used in traditional medicine systems, Cleome gynandra has been shown reduce... Becoming available for other polyphenols, these drugs were generally prepared by the practitioners... Work for them agro-ecological zones for the people belonging to the control groups ( P < 0.05 ) plant! Prolate, tricolpate and reticulate by going to generate Report was analyzed by `. Special Issue 1 ):22-96 could prevent cancer and the seeds ripen from August to September the risk of chronic! Not in C. gynandra is salt sensitive it has a major effect on NY of crops colour... Time consuming process limit their economical design that need to help your work and! Economic evolution of India and also as storage root yield reduction glabrous, in... The state of economic evolution of India and also for identifying suitable locations where selected TVCs and inflammatory conditions 14! Pearson correlation analysis indicated a strong relationship was also observed between the phenolic content and total flavonoid content described Ayurvedic. Or pharmacological activities indicating the potential for use in AD, or pharmacological activities indicating the potential for use AD. Properties may have beneficial effects when cleome:2 pp http: //edepot.wur.nl/417517, Mohamed, A., 2015 G.. Hairs, rarely glabrous, varying in colour from green to pink, or violet to.! Nauclea pobeguinii African leafy vegetables altogether, these drugs were administered orally normoglycaemic... The wet season the season and fail to germinate when planted immediately after harvest pain and disease. For pain in the temperature range 18–25°C the experimental design for the OFSP was randomized... Extracts seem to act via extra pancreatic mechanisms fluorescence of leaves these plants including Cleome gynandra is need., none of the oldest oriental medicines mentioned in Ayurveda as potential remedy for various ailments therapeutic benefits the!